{"id":410,"date":"2018-11-12T17:12:45","date_gmt":"2018-11-12T16:12:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/christiane-volkheimer.com\/?page_id=410"},"modified":"2023-11-17T20:45:52","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T19:45:52","slug":"gerhard-volkheimer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/christiane-volkheimer.com\/en\/gerhard-volkheimer\/","title":{"rendered":"Prof. Dr. Gerhard Volkheimer \u2013 Gastroenterologist (Persorption)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div id=\"gv-introduction\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1;\">Prof. Dr.<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1;\">Gerhard Volkheimer<\/h1><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.3333333333%;width:calc(33.3333333333% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"450\" alt=\"Prof. Dr. Gerhard Volkheimer\" title=\"Portrait-Christiane-Volkheimer_400px\" src=\"https:\/\/christiane-volkheimer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Portrait-Gerhard-Volkheimer_400px.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-200\"\/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>Over a period of almost twenty years (1948\u20131967), Gerhard Volkheimer rendered outstanding service to gastroenterological research at Berlin\u2019s Humboldt University. Gerhard Volkheimer&#8217;s scientific work focused on the small intestine \u2013 together with his team, he conducted extensive research on persorption [LINK] at the Faculty of Medicine of the Charit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>In conjunction with his work as a scientist, Volkheimer also practiced as a clinical gastroenterologist at his own practice at Berlin\u2019s Bayerischer Platz. His situation was extremely unusual: Volkheimer conducted his research in East Berlin but yet lived and ran his practice in the West of the city. After he was forced to leave the Charit\u00e9 in 1967 <sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[1]<sup>1<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Ich war der letzte oder vorletzte West-Berliner an der Charit\u00e9. In: Stein, Rosemarie: Die Charit\u00e9: 1945 - 1992; ein Mythos von innen, S. 43 ff. Argon-Verlag, Berlin 1992.<\/span><\/span><\/sup>, he transferred to the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin (FU) to which his habilitation was transferred in 1969. However, he was unable to continue his research on the topic of persorption because at the FU he no longer had access to the infrastructure of the Charit\u00e9 in terms of laboratories, equipment, teams of staff and doctoral students.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to his experimental research, Gerhard Volkheimer was consistently active in communicating knowledge and methodology. To serve this end, he not only supervised numerous PhD students at the Charit\u00e9, but also attracted affection and respect for both his teaching and organizational skills.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to all this work, he was responsible for many developments in functional gastroenterological diagnostics, in rigid and flexible endoscopy and in X-ray diagnostics of the digestive tract. Among his achievements was to acquire an orbiscope for his practice &#8211; the most modern X-ray machine available at the time. <sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[2]<sup>2<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Gastroenterologie f\u00fcr die Praxis. Lehmann, M\u00fcnchen 1975. (siehe http:\/\/d-nb.info\/750265477<\/span><\/span> <\/sup>Gerhard Volkheimer retired from his activities as a gastroenterologist in 1993.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.6666666667%;width:calc(16.6666666667% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.166666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"gv-vita\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-background-color:#f2f2f2;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1;\"><h2>Vita<\/h2><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.3333333333%;width:calc(33.3333333333% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p>Born on July 11 in Kempten, Allg\u00e4u<br \/>\n\u2020 6. Januar 2021<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:14px;--awb-content-font-size:11pt;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#f10707;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#e10707;--awb-content-color:#1f1f1f;--awb-icon-box-color:#d1d1d1;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#e10707;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Tenor Sans&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:400;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:14pt;--awb-title-line-height:21pt;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Roboto&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:300;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-410-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-2299156409f33a927 fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_2299156409f33a927\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"2299156409f33a927\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-410-1\" data-target=\"#2299156409f33a927\" href=\"#2299156409f33a927\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\"> University studies<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"2299156409f33a927\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_2299156409f33a927\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>University studies in medicine at Erlangen, Graz, Kiel, W\u00fcrzburg, and Marburg<\/p>\n<p><strong>1946<\/strong><br \/>\nState medical exam and graduation in Marburg<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-91d95962c06af06e9 fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_91d95962c06af06e9\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"91d95962c06af06e9\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-410-1\" data-target=\"#91d95962c06af06e9\" href=\"#91d95962c06af06e9\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Professional background<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"91d95962c06af06e9\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_91d95962c06af06e9\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><strong>1946\u20131948<\/strong><br \/>\nResearch assistant at the university medical clinic at Marburg at the institutes of pathology at Marburg and Bochum<\/p>\n<p><strong>1948\u20131967<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Three medical specialties, practiced in parallel with one another:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Developed and established the discipline of gastroenterology at the Charit\u00e9 (in East Berlin) using modern gastroenterological methodologies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Research and teaching activities at the First Medical Clinic of the Charit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Management of the laboratories for experimental gastroenterology at the Charit\u00e9.<br \/>\nHis research into persorption was possible only until 1967 due to the political conditions of the time.<br \/>\n<sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[3]<sup>3<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Ich war der letzte oder vorletzte West-Berliner an der Charit\u00e9. In: Stein, Rosemarie: Die Charit\u00e9: 1945 - 1992; ein Mythos von innen, S. 43 ff. Argon-Verlag, Berlin 1992.<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Diffusion of his research results among the scientific community through a great many domestic and international specialist congresses as well as at many teaching and training events.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Practical gastroenterology \u2013 recognized gastroenterologist in West Berlin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Residential apartment and gastroenterological practice at Bayerischer Platz in West Berlin in addition to his activities at the Charit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1959\u20131967<\/strong><br \/>\nExperimental studies on enteral assimilation of micro-particles.<\/p>\n<p>Six years of intensive experimental research on this phenomenon, under the working title \u201cPersorption: Retention of microparticles, particle clearance, particle-induced micro-embolization and alterations in endothelial tissues, drainage behavior of the thoracic duct.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>As part of this work, he completed a number of research assignments at the Humboldt University, supervised many doctoral students and presented the results of the research he had conducted at specialist congresses all over the world.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1962<\/strong><br \/>\nHabilitation through the submission of a paper on the \u201cPermeability of gut mucosa to large corpuscular elements.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>1969<\/strong><br \/>\nTransfer of habilitation to the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1972<\/strong><br \/>\nAppointment as supernumerary Professor at the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin.<br \/>\nSummary of research results in his monograph on \u201cPersorption\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1993<\/strong><br \/>\nRetired from private practice at Bayerischer Platz, Berlin.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-ecc9a02746e538194 fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_ecc9a02746e538194\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"ecc9a02746e538194\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-410-1\" data-target=\"#ecc9a02746e538194\" href=\"#ecc9a02746e538194\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Honorary memberships<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"ecc9a02746e538194\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_ecc9a02746e538194\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li>Honorary member of the Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Endoskopie und Bildgebende Verfahren (DGE-BV \u2013 Society for endoscopy and imaging techniques)<\/li>\n<li>Honorary member of the Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie in Berlin und Brandenburg (Society for gastroenterology and hepatology in Berlin and Brandenburg)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.6666666667%;width:calc(16.6666666667% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.166666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"persorption\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.6666666667%;width:calc(66.6666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1;\">Research specialty<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1;\">Persorption<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.3333333333%;width:calc(33.3333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.3333333333%;width:calc(33.3333333333% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p>The process of persorption was demonstrated by Gerhard Volkheimer and his team of employees using experiments on animals and human subjects.<sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[4]<sup>4<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Durchl\u00e4ssigkeit der Darmschleimhaut f\u00fcr gro\u00dfkorpuskul\u00e4re Elemente. Berlin, Humboldt University Medical Faculty, habilitation paper, Jan. 31, 1962. (see http:\/\/d-nb.info\/481107614\/<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>He became aware of early work by Herbst (1844) and Rahel Hirsch (1905), <sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[5]<sup>5<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Documentation \u201e\u00c4rztinnen im Kaiserreich\u201c: Entry \u201eRahel Hirsch\u201c. Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin. https:\/\/geschichte.charite.de\/aeik\/biografie.php?ID=AEIK00127, July 2, 2018.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[6]<sup>6<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Ben Zev, Hedvah: Preu\u00dfens erste Medizinprofessorin. In: J\u00fcdische Miniaturen, Band 24, S. 56\/57.. Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin \u2013 Centrum Judaicum. Berlin 2005.<\/span><\/span><\/sup>, who had found undissolved particles at a scale measured in micrometers in the blood of starch-fed animals that could not be explained by the <strong>absorption mechanisms<\/strong> known at the time<sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[7]<sup>7<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\"><\/span><\/span><\/sup> , including <strong>diffusion, enzymatic degradation<\/strong> and <strong>micropinocytosis.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Through experimentation on animals and on his own body, Volkheimer discovered a mechanism of encapsulation of larger particles, a process he called &#8220;<strong>persorption<\/strong>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>Gerhard Volkheimer\u2019s discovery of the persorption process &#8220;moved the wheel of medical progress that little bit further forward.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The phenomenon of persorption is also relevant to contemporary studies in marine biology and environmental science, including questions related to industrial dusts, plastic waste in the oceans, their retention in human and animal bodies, and the associated effects. Volkheimer&#8217;s work is important in the formation of health policy and has probably also made a contribution to safety in industrial workplaces.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:14px;--awb-content-font-size:11pt;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#f10707;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#e10707;--awb-content-color:#1f1f1f;--awb-icon-box-color:#d1d1d1;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#e10707;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Tenor Sans&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:400;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:14pt;--awb-title-line-height:21pt;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Roboto&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:300;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-410-2\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-4d018b3d3af8f366a fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_4d018b3d3af8f366a\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"4d018b3d3af8f366a\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-410-2\" data-target=\"#4d018b3d3af8f366a\" href=\"#4d018b3d3af8f366a\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">What is this thing called persorption?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"4d018b3d3af8f366a\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_4d018b3d3af8f366a\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">Persorption is a phenomenon that can be observed in everyday food intake. Process involves the absorption of substantial quantities of large undissolved corpuscular particles in the micrometer range \u2013 including pollen grains, starch, cellulose particles, crystals, natural and industrial dust \u2013 by the gastrointestinal tract, from where they are &#8220;kneaded in&#8221; to the alimentary canal\u2019s mucous membranes. <sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[8]<sup>8<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Passage of Particles through the Wall of the Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 9, S. 215-225. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1974. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1475370\/pdf\/envhper00499-0214.pdf (July 25, 2018)<\/span><\/span><\/sup><br \/>\nThe process gets through the intestinal barrier by para-epithelially taking up of undissolved micro-particles into the sub-epithelial space, followed by infiltrating such particles into the lymphatic system and the bloodstream.<br \/>\nFrom there, microparticles pass into organs or organ fluids by means of dissemination and elimination processes, including into lung alveoli, peritoneal fluid, bile, urine, cerebro-spinal fluid, milk (in lactating breasts) and also transplacentally to the fetus.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>long-term deposition<\/strong> of microparticles as embolates is commonly discussed today in terms of their <strong>allergenic<\/strong>, <strong>toxicological<\/strong> and <strong>carcinogenic<\/strong> potential.<\/p>\n<p>Cerebral vascular occlusions caused by food particles (known as the silting effect) are an important issue in <strong>microangiology <\/strong>.<sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\"> Z. Gerontol. 1, pp. 360-367, 1968.&#8221;][9]<sup>9<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">&#8221;Volkheimer,<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-b3f5ddb3d1663f1e3 fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_b3f5ddb3d1663f1e3\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"b3f5ddb3d1663f1e3\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-410-2\" data-target=\"#b3f5ddb3d1663f1e3\" href=\"#b3f5ddb3d1663f1e3\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">The Hirsch Effect<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"b3f5ddb3d1663f1e3\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_b3f5ddb3d1663f1e3\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>In 1905, building on the work of Gustav Herbst (1844), Rahel Hirsch found undissolved particles in the micrometer range in the blood and urine of starch-fed animals. Their absorption by the body could not be explained by absorption mechanisms already known at the time, including diffusion, enzymatic degradation and micropinocytosis. Following along in this research, Volkheimer demonstrated the mechanism by which these large corpuscular particles were absorbed into the bloodstream, naming the process \u201cpersorption\u201d. <sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[10]<sup>10<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Durchl\u00e4ssigkeit der Darmschleimhaut f\u00fcr gro\u00dfkorpuskul\u00e4re Elemente. Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t, Med. Fak., Habil.schr. v. 31. Jan. 1962. Siehe http:\/\/d-nb.info\/481107614<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Volkheimer designated the effect of the body\u2019s resorption of starches as the \u201cHirsch Effect\u201d. Through this recognition of her achievement, Volkheimer was to ensure that Rahel Hirsch would be posthumously included in the \u201cGallery of famous Jewish Scientists\u201d in Jerusalem.<\/p>\n<p>The Charit\u00e9 honored Rahel Hirsch by erecting a sculpture of her on its grounds and by endowing a research scholarship scheme named \u201cRahel Hirsch \u2013 Program for the advancement of female postdoctoral students at the Charit\u00e9 to increase the proportion of women among research personnel\u201d (<em>Programm zur F\u00f6rderung von Habilitantinnen der Charit\u00e9 zur Erh\u00f6hung des Anteils von Frauen an wissenschaftlichem Personal<\/em>). <sup><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[11]<sup>11<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Ben Zev, Hedvah: Preu\u00dfens erste Medizinprofessorin. In: J\u00fcdische Miniaturen, Band 24, S. 56\/57.. Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin \u2013 Centrum Judaicum. Berlin 2005.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"inline-note\"><a onclick=\"this.classList.toggle('inline-note--active');\" class=\"inline-note__content\">[12]<sup>12<\/sup><\/a><span class=\"inline-note__explanation\">Dokumentation \u201e\u00c4rztinnen im Kaiserreich\u201c: Eintrag \u201eRahel Hirsch\u201c. Institut f\u00fcr Geschichte der Medizin und Ethik in der Medizin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin. https:\/\/geschichte.charite.de\/aeik\/biografie.php?ID=AEIK00127, 02.07.2018.<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.6666666667%;width:calc(16.6666666667% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.166666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"links-publications\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.6666666667%;width:calc(66.6666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-6 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1;\">Research<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-7 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:15;--minFontSize:15;line-height:1;\">Links and Publications<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.3333333333%;width:calc(33.3333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.3333333333%;width:calc(33.3333333333% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:14px;--awb-content-font-size:11pt;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#f10707;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#e10707;--awb-content-color:#1f1f1f;--awb-icon-box-color:#d1d1d1;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#e10707;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Tenor Sans&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:400;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:14pt;--awb-title-line-height:21pt;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Roboto&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:300;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-410-3\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-7ca03026bbc28ca1f fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_7ca03026bbc28ca1f\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"7ca03026bbc28ca1f\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-410-3\" data-target=\"#7ca03026bbc28ca1f\" href=\"#7ca03026bbc28ca1f\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Monographs<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"7ca03026bbc28ca1f\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_7ca03026bbc28ca1f\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Volkheimer, Gerhard: Persorption.<\/strong> Thieme, Stuttgart 1972. (see <a href=\"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/730033589\">http:\/\/d-nb.info\/730033589<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volkheimer, Gerhard: Gastroenterologie f\u00fcr die Praxis [Gastroenterology in practice].<\/strong> Lehmann, M\u00fcnchen 1975. (see <a href=\"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/750265477\">http:\/\/d-nb.info\/750265477<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-055915e438da1bf80 fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_055915e438da1bf80\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"055915e438da1bf80\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-410-3\" data-target=\"#055915e438da1bf80\" href=\"#055915e438da1bf80\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Links and publications (Selection)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"055915e438da1bf80\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_055915e438da1bf80\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul class=\"\">\n<li><strong>Volkheimer, Gerhard: Durchl\u00e4ssigkeit der Darmschleimhaut f\u00fcr gro\u00dfkorpuskul\u00e4re Elemente.<\/strong> Berlin, Humboldt University Medical Faculty, habilitation paper, Jan. 31, 1962. (see <a href=\"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/481107614\">http:\/\/d-nb.info\/481107614<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Schulz, H.-J.: Professor Dr. med. Gerhard Volkheimer \u2013 90\u200aJahre. W\u00fcrdigung. [90\u200ayears. An appreciation.] <\/strong><br \/>\nGeorg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart \u02d9 New York, published online on September 27, 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thieme-connect.com\/products\/ejournals\/abstract\/10.1055\/s-0031-1283782\">https:\/\/www.thieme-connect.com\/products\/ejournals\/abstract\/10.1055\/s-0031-1283782<\/a>, July 2, 2018<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volkheimer, Gerhard: Passage of Particles through the Wall of the Gastrointestinal Tract.<\/strong> In: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 9, S. 215-225. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1974. Available online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1475370\/pdf\/envhper00499-0214.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1475370\/pdf\/envhper00499-0214.pdf<\/a>, July 25, 2018<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volkheimer, G.: The Phenomenon of Persorption: Persorption, Dissemination, and Elimination of Microparticles. <\/strong>In: Heidt, P. J., Nieuwenhuis, P.; Rusch, V.; van der Waaij, D. (Hrsg.): Intestinal translocation. Old Herborn University, Seminar Monograph 14, S. 7-17. Herborn Litterae, Herborn-Dill, Germany, 2001. Available online: https:\/\/www.old-herborn-university.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/books\/OHUni_book_14_article_2.pdf<\/li>\n<li>\uf0a7 For further publications, see the results list on research literature for <strong>Gerhard Volkheimer in the online catalog of the University Library of Humboldt University, Berlin:<\/strong>: https:\/\/hu-berlin.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com\/primo_library\/libweb\/action\/dlSearch.do?query=any%2Ccontains%2Cvolkheimer+g&amp;search_scope=default_scope&amp;displayField=all&amp;pcAvailabiltyMode=false&amp;dum=true&amp;vid=hub_ub&amp;displayMode=full&amp;bulkSize=30&amp;mode=Basic&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;highlight=true&amp;institution=HUB_UB [last accessed on July 25, 2018]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.6666666667%;width:calc(16.6666666667% - ( ( 4% + 4% ) * 0.166666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<div class=\"inline-notes\"><h6 class=\"inline-notes__heading\">Notes:<\/h6><ol class=\"inline-notes__list\"><li id=\"note410-1\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Ich war der letzte oder vorletzte West-Berliner an der Charit\u00e9. In: Stein, Rosemarie: Die Charit\u00e9: 1945 - 1992; ein Mythos von innen, S. 43 ff. Argon-Verlag, Berlin 1992.<\/li><li id=\"note410-2\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Gastroenterologie f\u00fcr die Praxis. Lehmann, M\u00fcnchen 1975. (siehe http:\/\/d-nb.info\/750265477<\/li><li id=\"note410-3\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Ich war der letzte oder vorletzte West-Berliner an der Charit\u00e9. In: Stein, Rosemarie: Die Charit\u00e9: 1945 - 1992; ein Mythos von innen, S. 43 ff. Argon-Verlag, Berlin 1992.<\/li><li id=\"note410-4\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Durchl\u00e4ssigkeit der Darmschleimhaut f\u00fcr gro\u00dfkorpuskul\u00e4re Elemente. Berlin, Humboldt University Medical Faculty, habilitation paper, Jan. 31, 1962. (see http:\/\/d-nb.info\/481107614\/<\/li><li id=\"note410-5\">Documentation \u201e\u00c4rztinnen im Kaiserreich\u201c: Entry \u201eRahel Hirsch\u201c. Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin. https:\/\/geschichte.charite.de\/aeik\/biografie.php?ID=AEIK00127, July 2, 2018.<\/li><li id=\"note410-6\">Ben Zev, Hedvah: Preu\u00dfens erste Medizinprofessorin. In: J\u00fcdische Miniaturen, Band 24, S. 56\/57.. Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin \u2013 Centrum Judaicum. Berlin 2005.<\/li><li id=\"note410-7\"><\/li><li id=\"note410-8\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Passage of Particles through the Wall of the Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 9, S. 215-225. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1974. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1475370\/pdf\/envhper00499-0214.pdf (July 25, 2018)<\/li><li id=\"note410-9\">&#8221;Volkheimer,<\/li><li id=\"note410-10\">Volkheimer, Gerhard: Durchl\u00e4ssigkeit der Darmschleimhaut f\u00fcr gro\u00dfkorpuskul\u00e4re Elemente. Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t, Med. Fak., Habil.schr. v. 31. Jan. 1962. Siehe http:\/\/d-nb.info\/481107614<\/li><li id=\"note410-11\">Ben Zev, Hedvah: Preu\u00dfens erste Medizinprofessorin. In: J\u00fcdische Miniaturen, Band 24, S. 56\/57.. Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin \u2013 Centrum Judaicum. Berlin 2005.<\/li><li id=\"note410-12\">Dokumentation \u201e\u00c4rztinnen im Kaiserreich\u201c: Eintrag \u201eRahel Hirsch\u201c. Institut f\u00fcr Geschichte der Medizin und Ethik in der Medizin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin. https:\/\/geschichte.charite.de\/aeik\/biografie.php?ID=AEIK00127, 02.07.2018.<\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-410","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Prof. Dr. Gerhard Volkheimer \u2013 Gastroenterologist (Persorption)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Prof. Gerhard Volkheimer researched in the field of gastroenterology at the medical faculty of the Charit\u00e9 at Berlin from 1948 to 1967\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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